# B-Tree invariants

We mentioned in chapter 11.1 that order matters when inserting into a BST.

Question: Is this also true for a B-Tree?

Exercise 11.3.1: Insert 1-7 into a B-tree in that order. What is the height of the tree? Can we change the order of the insertions so that we can decrease the height? Here is a [cool B-tree visualizer](https://www.cs.usfca.edu/~galles/visualization/BTree.html\) that might help!

Solution: Yes, we can get a tree of height 1 by inserting in this order: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 7.

Yes, depending on the order you insert nodes the height of a B-tree may change. However, the tree will always be bushy.

A B-tree has the following helpful invariants:

• All leaves must be the same distance from the source.

• A non-leaf node with $k$ items must have exactly $k+1$ children.

In tandem, these invariants cause the tree to always be bushy.

## B-Tree runtime analysis

The worst-case runtime situation for search in a B-tree would be if each node had the maximum number of elements in it and we had to traverse all the way to the bottom. We will use $L$ to denote the number of elements in each node. This means would would need to explore $\log N$ nodes (since the max height is $\log N$ due to the bushiness invariant) and at each node we would need to explore $L$ elements. In total, we would need to run $L \log N$ operations. However, we know $L$ is a constant, so our total runtime is $O(\log N)$.

## B-Tree deletion (Extra)

See these extra slides if you're curious. We won't discuss them here.

### Summary

BSTs have best case height $\Theta (\log N)$, and worst case height $\Theta (N)$.

• Big O is not the same thing as worst case!

B-Trees are a modification of the binary search tree that avoids $\Theta (N)$ worst case.

• Nodes may contain between $1$ and $L$ items.
• contains works almost exactly like a normal BST.
• add works by adding items to existing leaf nodes.
• If nodes are too full, they split.
• Resulting tree has perfect balance. Runtime for operations is $O(\log N)$.
• Have not discussed deletion. See extra slides if you’re curious.
• Have not discussed how splitting works if $L > 3$ (see some other class).
• B-trees are more complex, but they can efficiently handle ANY insertion order.